Biography of Bhanubhakta Acharya – The Aadikabi of Nepal

Photo Source: Social Media/Bhanubhakta Acharya

Bhanubhakta Acharya, widely honored as Aadikabi (First Poet), is a revered figure in Nepali literature. He is best known for being the first person to translate the Sanskrit epic Ramayana into the Nepali language, making sacred Hindu texts accessible to the common people. Through his simple yet profound poetic style, he laid the foundation for modern Nepali literature. This biography honors his legacy and contributions.

Quick Facts

• Full Name: Bhanubhakta Acharya (भानुभक्त आचार्य)

• Born: July 13, 1814 (29 Ashadh 1871 BS)

• Birthplace: Chundi Ramgha, Tanahun, Nepal

• Died: 1868 (aged 54), Nepal

• Title: Aadikabi (First Poet of Nepal)

• Notable Work: Bhanubhakta Ramayana (Nepali translation of Valmiki’s Ramayana)

• Spouse: Unknown (details unavailable)

Early Life and Education

Bhanubhakta was born into a high-caste Brahmin family. His father, Dhananjaya Acharya, was a government official, and his grandfather was his first teacher. From a young age, Bhanubhakta was exposed to Sanskrit scriptures, religious rituals, and classical Hindu texts. He later went to Varanasi for higher education in Sanskrit, where he became well-versed in the Vedas and Puranas.

Despite his traditional upbringing, he was deeply moved by the everyday struggles of common people. Realizing that most could not understand Sanskrit, he decided to create literary works in the Nepali language.

Literary Career and Achievements

At a time when literature in Nepal was dominated by Sanskrit, Bhanubhakta envisioned making religious and moral teachings accessible to the masses. His translation of Valmiki’s Ramayana into Nepali, composed in metrical verse, became one of the most beloved literary works in Nepal.

Key Features of His Work:

• Simple and lyrical poetic style

• Strong national and religious sentiments

• Emphasis on accessibility and moral values

He preserved the lyrical essence (bhāva and marma) of the original epic while ensuring it resonated with Nepali-speaking people.

Inspiration from a Grass Cutter (Ghansi)

Bhanubhakta’s transformation as a writer was influenced by a humble grass cutter (Ghansi) who, despite his poverty, had dug a well to benefit future generations. Struck by the realization that he had done little of lasting value, Bhanubhakta was inspired to contribute something meaningful—thus beginning his mission to enrich Nepali literature.

Today, a memorial and the original well exist in Tanahun district to commemorate this story.

Challenges and Struggles

Bhanubhakta faced several obstacles:

• Language Hierarchy: The ruling elites preferred Sanskrit, and Nepali was seen as inferior for literary use.

• Financial Constraints: Despite his early wealth, he later experienced hardship, especially during imprisonment.

• Imprisonment: Wrongfully imprisoned, he wrote a poetic petition to the Prime Minister. The poem not only secured his release but also earned him praise and financial reward.

His works, however, were not published in his lifetime. It was only later that Motiram Bhatta, another legendary poet, compiled and published Bhanubhakta Ramayana, giving him posthumous recognition.

Major Literary Works

Epic:

• Bhanubhakta Ramayana

Poems and Other Writings:

• Ghansi

• Amarawati Kantipuri Nagari

• Badhu Shiksha

• Bhakta Mala

• Ma Bhanubhakta

• Prashnottar Mala

• Khawmit Yes Girdhari Le

• Roj Roj Darshan Paunchhu

• Balaji Dekhyan

Legacy

Bhanubhakta Acharya is more than a poet—he is a symbol of cultural awakening in Nepal. His translation of Ramayana united people across regions, strengthened the Nepali language, and influenced generations of writers.

Monuments and Honors:

• Bhanubhakta Memorial Park, Kathmandu

• Statues and Memorials in Chundi Ramgha and other parts of Nepal

• Annual Bhanubhakta Jayanti: Celebrated on 13 July (29 Ashadh) in Nepali-speaking communities worldwide

Recognition:

• First called “Aadikabi” by Motiram Bhatta in 1981 (BS)

• His works are part of school curricula across Nepal

Impact on Nepali Literature

• Introduced the use of metrical verse in Nepali poetry

• Elevated the status of Nepali language in a Sanskrit-dominated society

• Inspired a new generation of poets to write in the vernacular

• Blended religious devotion with social responsibility

Conclusion

Bhanubhakta Acharya’s life and work transformed the landscape of Nepali literature. From a Brahmin scholar to the voice of the people, his contributions continue to inspire. His poetic legacy, centered on accessibility, cultural pride, and devotion, remains deeply embedded in Nepalese identity.